Yehuda Maharal Löw

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Også kaldet: Judah Loew ben Bezale
• Også kaldet: Mahral fra Prag
• Også kaldet: Moraynu HaReav Judah LOEW ben B'zalel
• Også kaldet: Moreinu Ha-Rav Loew
• Beskæftigelse: Filosof
• Beskæftigelse: 1553, Mikulov, Sydmähren, Tjekkiet; Rabbiner

Notater:

Muligvis Grift 1: med Sarah Chajes.

Fødsel:
Wikipedia citerer Avraham Hacohen Ovadia (Gotsdiner) (2001). Ha'ari Shebechachmai Prague (in Hebrew). Jerusalem, Israel: Mosad Harav Kook. p. 138. OCLC 145439809 for fødested Poznań, Polen.

Levned:
Judah Loew ben Bezalel, alt. Löw, Loewe, Löwe, or Levai, (between 1512 and 1526? – 17 September 1609)[1] widely known to scholars of Judaism as the Maharal of Prague, or simply The Maharal, the Hebrew acronym of "Moreinu Ha-Rav Loew" ("Our Teacher, Rabbi Loew"), was an important Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic, and philosopher who, for most of his life, served as a leading rabbi in the cities of Mikulov in Moravia and Prague in Bohemia. Due to his unprecedented impact on Jewish study, he is considered one of the most important rabbis of all times.
Within the world of Torah and Talmudic scholarship, Loew is known for his works on Jewish philosophy and Jewish mysticism and his work Gur Aryeh al HaTorah, a supercommentary on Rashi's Torah commentary. He is also the subject of a 19th-century legend that he created the Golem of Prague, an animate mythological being fashioned from clay.
Rabbi Loew is buried at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague in Josefov, where his grave and intact tombstone can still be visited. His descendants' surnames include Braude, Loewy, Loeb, Lowy, Lowi, Low-Beer, Loew, Oppenheimer, Pfaelzer, Lowenstein and Keim. ...
The Maharal was probably born in Poznań, Poland,[2]—though Perels[3] lists the birth town mistakenly[2] as Worms in the Holy Roman Empire—to Rabbi Bezalel (Loew), whose family originated from the Rhenish town of Worms. His birth year is uncertain, with different sources listing 1512,[3] 1520[4] and 1526.[2][5] His uncle Jakob ben Chajim was Reichsrabbiner ("Rabbi of the Empire") of the Holy Roman Empire, his brother Chaim of Friedberg a famous rabbinical scholar. There is no documented evidence of his having received formal religious education, leading scholars to conclude that he was an extremely gifted autodidact.[6]

His family consisted of his wife, Pearl, six daughters, and a son, Bezalel, who became a Rabbi in Kolín, but died early in 1600. He was independently wealthy, probably as a result of his father's successful business enterprises. He accepted a rabbinical position in 1553 as Landesrabbiner of Moravia at Mikulov (Nikolsburg), directing community affairs but also determining which tractate of the Talmud was to be studied in the communities in that province. He also revised the community statutes on the election and taxation process. Although he retired from Moravia in 1588 at age 68, the communities still considered him an authority long after that.
One of his activities in Moravia was the rallying against slanderous slurs on legitimacy (Nadler) that were spread in the community against certain families and could ruin the finding of a marriage partner for the children of those families. This phenomenon even affected his own family. He used one of the two yearly grand sermons (between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur 1583) to denounce the phenomenon.
He moved back to Prague in 1588, where he again accepted a rabbinical position, replacing the retired Isaac Hayoth. He immediately reiterated his views on Nadler. On 23 February 1592, he had an audience with Emperor Rudolf II, which he attended together with his brother Sinai and his son-in-law Isaac Cohen; Prince Bertier was present with the emperor. The conversation seems to have been related to Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism, Hebrew: קַבָּלָה) a subject which held much fascination for the emperor.
In 1592, the Maharal moved to Poznań, where he had been elected as Chief Rabbi of Poland. In Poznań he composed Netivoth Olam and part of Derech Chaim. ...
The Maharal is the subject of the legend about the creation of a golem, a creature made out of clay to defend the Jews of the Prague Ghetto from antisemitic attacks, particularly the blood libel. He is said to have used mystical powers based on the esoteric knowledge of how God created Adam.[9] The general view of historians and critics is that the legend is a German literary invention of the early 19th century. The earliest known source for the story thus far is the 1834 book Der Jüdische Gil Blas by Friedrich Korn.[10][11] It has been repeated and adapted many times since.
(Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel, set 5 May 2018).

Loeb tilføjer nogle anekdoter (uddrag af tekst):
As a poor student, Judah became engaged to a wealthy woman Perla SHMELKES daughter of Samuel SHMELKES and intended to continue his studies with her family's support. When they became impoverished, however, the marriage was delayed, and his fiancée had to run a food shop. One day a knight passed by and snatched a loaf of bread from the shop on his spear. He explained that he had not eaten for three days and left his cloak with its lining containing gold coins as payment. The marriage could thus go ahead, and Judah spent the rest of his life On 23 February 1592, Emperor Rudolf II invited him to an audience to the Hradshin. According to legend, the Emperor wanted to be introduced to mysticism by the Maharal who could perform cabbalistic wonders.
On 16 February 1594, his colleague astronomer Tycho BRAHE arranged for him to speak with the Emperor Rudolph II, possibly on the subject of alchemy. The Maharal then was named Chief Rabbi of Posen. in relative affluence.


Beskæftigelse:
In the words of a modern writer, the Maharal "prevented the Balkanization of Jewish thought" (Rabbi Yitzchak Adlerstein 2000, citing Rabbi Nachman Bulman).

His works inspired the Polish branch of Hasidism, as well as a more recent wave of Torah scholars originating from Lithuania and Latvia, most markedly Rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler (1892–1953) as well as Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1864–1935). A more recent authority who had roots in both traditions was Rabbi Isaac Hutner (1906–1980). Rabbi Hutner succinctly defined the ethos of the Maharal's teachings as being Nistar BeLashon Nigleh, meaning (in Hebrew): "The Hidden in the language of the Revealed". That is, the Maharal couched kabbalistic ideas in non-kabbalistic language. As a mark of his devotion to the ways of the Maharal, Rabbi Hutner bestowed the name of the Maharal's key work the Gur Aryeh upon a branch of the yeshiva he headed when he established its kollel (a yeshiva for post-graduate Talmud scholars) which then became a division of the Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin in New York during the 1950s, known as Kollel Gur Aryeh. Both of these institutions, and the graduates they produce, continue to emphasize the intellectual teachings of the Maharal. Rabbi Hutner in turn also maintained that Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808–1888) (19th century Germany) must also have been influenced by the Maharal's ideas basing his seemingly rationalistic Weltanschauung on the more abstract and abstruse teachings of the hard-to-understand Jewish Kabbalah.

Rabbi Judah Loew was not a champion of the open study of Kabbalah as such, and none of his works are in any way openly devoted to it. Instead, what they attempt to do is to make the ideas of the Kabbalah (which he held to be the most deeply true of all the Torah) accessible to the average educated reader, by presenting them in a rigorously philosophical form, couched in terms that are accessible to the public. According to R. Loew, only the greatest of Torah scholars are able to perceive the full intent of the Kabbalistic works in their complex entirety. Therefore, although kabbalistic doctrine permeates his writings, it is always presented in a rational and philosophic form. His main kabbalistic influences appear to have been the Zohar, Sefer Yetzirah, and traditions of the Chassidei Ashkenaz, as Lurianic Kabbalah had not by that time reached Europe.

Faced with the Aristotelian interpretation of Talmudic Aggadot by Azariah dei Rossi, he was indignant at what he termed the trivialization of the Sages' deep wisdom. In his work Be'er ha-Golah he vigorously disputes all of dei Rossi's theses, sternly upholding the subtly allegorical nature of Aggadah and demonstrating its independence from (and superiority to) the superficial observations of natural science. At the same time he was entirely in favor of scientific research, so long as the researcher did not use his observations as permission to contradict the final authority of divine revelation. His constant thesis is that the Talmudic, Midrashic, and Aggadic teachings refer always to matters far beyond the competence of natural science. (Wikipedia)

Beskæftigelse:
Leading rabbi in the cities of Mikulov in Moravia (1553-1588) and Prague in Bohemia (1588-1592). In 1592, the Maharal moved to Poznań, where he had been elected as Chief Rabbi of Poland.

Død:
Hij is begraven in het jaar 1609 in Old Jewish Cemetery At Josefov, Prague, Czech Republic (Coret)

Yehuda blev gift med Perla Schmelkes i 1544. Perla (datter af Shmuel Schmelkes og Dobra Bat-Moshe Breznicky) blev født i 1528 i Prag, Böhmen, Tjekkiet; døde den 5 maj 1610 i Prag, Böhmen, Tjekkiet; blev begravet i 1610 i Prag, Josefov begravelsesplads. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Beskæftigelse: Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Tyskland; Rabbiner

Notater:

Gift med Michla Auspitz. Børn:
Menachem Mendel Markus Bezalel (1575, Prag - 26 May 1602, Prag; Rabbiner; Gift 1: med Sara; Gift 2: med Gittelel),
Shmuel Bezalel Loew (14 Jan 1576 - 4 Jan 1655; Rabbiner i Hessen; Gift med Rosa Katz, f. 1652, Prag; far til Bella, som blev gift med en søn af Vogele Löw),
Lipet Löw (c. 1585, Prag - 1613, Prag; Gift med rabbiner Pinhas HaLevi Horowitz, d. 3 Nov 1653, Prag),
Kaufman Yekutiel Bezalel Löw (1595, Prag -1657, Prag; Rabbiner; Gift 1: med Libl Schlesinger (d. 1649; Gift 2 og 3: med Elisheva og Gitl).

Levned:
The Maharal's marriage to his wife Pearl was a very happy one, and they were blessed with seven children, six daughters and a son. All six daughters married into prominent Prague families. His son, Bezalel, became rabbi in Cologne, Germany, where he headed a rabbinical academy. The Maharal was deeply grieved when this son met an untimely death in 1600.
His descendants include 7 generations of Rabbis. (Burstein)

Begravet:
Gravsten afbildet (Burstein).

Notater:

Død:
Gravsten afbildet<. https://www.geni.com/people/Gitele-Brandeis-Maharal-dau-2/6000000001301888585

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Simon Brandeis. Simon døde den 12 feb. 1622 i Prag, Böhmen, Tjekkiet; blev begravet i 1622 i Prag, Josefov begravelsesplads. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Notater:

Gift med Secharja Mendel (f. c. 1565 i Prag)? eller ifl. Burstein: Tzvi Hirsch Sabatka (af Lublin). Børn i ægteskabet:
Aryeh Leib Saba (1610 ? -1671; Prag; Rabbiner, Shpolar Zeide I of Krakow; Gift med Yehudit (Jute) Leib Saba (Fischel, f. c. 1625),
Reisel Levitiz, Rabbi Moshe Sabatka (d. 1668; rabbiner if Posen),
Joseph Sobotka (rabbiner i Lublin).

Fødsel:
Loren sætter fødselsår til c. 1565

Begravet:
Gravsten afbildet (Burstein).

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Avraham Heller-Wallerstein. Avraham (søn af Moshe Heiller-Wallerstein) blev født cirka 1540; døde i 1613. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Yitzhak haKohen Katz. Yitzhak blev født i 1550 i Wien, Wien, Østrig; døde den 30 maj 1624 i Prag, Böhmen, Tjekkiet; blev begravet i 1624 i Prag, Josefov begravelsesplads. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Notater:

Levned:
Vögele (Feigele) Loew was Maharal's 6th daughter. She married her widowed brother-in-law, Rabbi Yitzhak (Isak) (Jizchak) KATZ (COHEN TZEDEK) (d. 30 May 1624 Prague) son of Rabbi Shimhson (Samson) COHEN, who was first married to her sister Lea LOEW (no children of this marriage). Vögele and Rabbi Yitzhak Katz had five children:
Rabbi Chaim COHEN, president of the Beit Din in Pozha, married Bella BEZALEL, daughter of Samuel ben Bezalel (Rabbi in Prague, Frankfurt, & Posen).
Rabbi Naftali COHEN (b. Frankfort, d. 1644 or 1649) (Rabbi in Lublin). President of the Beit Din in Lublin. Married Dinah daughter of Yehudah KATZENELLENBOGEN son of Saul WAHL.
Chawa (Eva) COHEN (b. 1580 Prague, d. and buried 1651 Sofia on the way to Palestine) was an unusual woman with great knowledge. She married Rabbi Abraham Samuel BACHRACH (b. 1575, d. 26 May 1615 Gernsheim) Rabbi in Worms, son of Isak BACHRACH. (Chawa was Abraham's 2nd wife.)
Rabbi Shimon LOEW (died before 1621) m. Lana.
Slowe m. Jakob Meshullam Salomon THEOMIM-FRANKEL-MIRELS. (Burstein)

Død:
Zij is begraven in het jaar 1629 in Old Jewish Cemetery At Josephov, Prague.

Begravet:
Gravsten afbildet (i Burstein).:

Vögele blev gift med Yitzhak haKohen Katz efter 1578. Yitzhak blev født i 1550 i Wien, Wien, Østrig; døde den 30 maj 1624 i Prag, Böhmen, Tjekkiet; blev begravet i 1624 i Prag, Josefov begravelsesplads. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Notater:

Død:
Loren (cit) Alexander Putik, Peter Demetz
Title: Path of Life: Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel, ca. 1525-1609. 2009, s. 60.

Begravet:
Gravsten afbildet (Burstein).

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Chaim Wahl. Chaim blev født i 1555; døde i 1631 i Prag, Böhmen, Tjekkiet. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Beskæftigelse: Rabbiner

Notater:

Levned:
"Rabbi Samuel BRANDEIS (d. 1628 Prague) (son of Rabbi Simon BRANDEIS and Gitele LOEW, daughter of Maharal), President of Prague Gemelnde, married his cousin the daughter of R. Chaim WAHL (Prague) and Realina (daughter of Maharal). Both are grandchildren of the Maharal of Prague." (Burstein)

Begravet:
Gravsten afbildet (Burstein).

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Gitl Dobra Wahl. Gitl (datter af Chaim Wahl og Realina Löw) døde i 1636 i Prag, Böhmen, Tjekkiet. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Mirel Sarah Teomim. Mirel (datter af Meshulam Zalman Teomim og Dvorel Pohelitz) blev født den 9 jan. 1575 i Wien, Wien, Østrig; døde den 21 feb. 1639 i Wien, Wien, Østrig. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Notater:

Der findes forskellige antagelser om Mirels forslægt. Her er fulgt Loebs genealogi.

Fødsel:
Coret skriver c. 1575.

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Naftali Hirsch Fränkel. Naftali blev født cirka 1565; døde i 1659. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Shmuel HaLevi Brandeis. Shmuel (søn af Simon Brandeis og Gitele Löw) blev født i 1580 i Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Polen; døde i 1628 i Prag, Böhmen, Tjekkiet; blev begravet i 1628 i Prag, Böhmen, Tjekkiet. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Også kaldet: Rechel Fränkel

Notater:

According to EGER book Rachel is not a descendants of MAHARAL. The wife of David Jacob Mirls FRAENKEL Newmark (d. 1657) was Rachel (b. 1612) the daughter of Jacob KOPPEL HELLER WALLERSTEIN Fraenkl- d. 1612 (her father died the same year she was born ???) and of Miriam Sara (Mirel) 1575-1639. Jacob KOPPEL HELLER WALLERSTEIN Fraenkl was the son of Avraham Halevi HELLER -WALLERSTEIN (d. 1571) and of Bilha the daughter of Meir Halevi from Prague. Miriam Sara (Mirel) (1575-1639) was the daughter of Deberl, (the daughter of Joseph Pohelitz) and of Meshulam ZALMAN THEOMIM- Munk (d. 1621 Vienna), the son of Moshe Aharon Lemmel THEOMIM (Hechassid) 1521-1609 Prague and of Rivka (b. 1545) Prague, the daughter of Israel HOROVITZ (d. 1572) and of Ursula. (Loeb)

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Jakob David Mirels Neumark Fränkel. Jakob (søn af Naftali Hirsch Fränkel og Mirel Wallerstein) blev født cirka 1595 i Wien, Wien, Østrig; døde den 11 feb. 1657 i Wien, Wien, Østrig. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Også kaldet: Sarah Fränkel

Sorel blev gift med Abraham Von Treuenberg i 1616. Abraham blev født i Prag, Böhmen, Tjekkiet; døde i 1639. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Elkele Meinster. Elkele (datter af Tanchum Meinster og Shprintza Heller Halevi) blev født i 1614; døde den 26 aug. 1668 i Wien, Wien, Østrig. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Også kaldet: Aharon HaLevi Heller

Notater:

Død:
Falk: aft 1660.

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Nachala Heller. Nachala blev født før 1604 i Wien, Wien, Østrig; døde den 25 okt. 1632 i Wien, Wien, Østrig. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Også kaldet: Rebecca Koppel Heller Wallerstein

Notater:

Gift 1(?): med (Ukendt) Mateles.
Barn i dette ægteskab: Shimon Mateles.

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Mordechai Mirels. Mordechai blev født før 1612 i Wien, Wien, Østrig; døde den 22 okt. 1654 i Wien, Wien, Østrig. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Notater:

Forbehold: According to WACHSTEIN, the husband of Rachel HELLER WALLERSTEIN was David Jacob Mirls FRAENKEL Newmark (d. 1657) He took the name FRAENKEL from his father in-law (Jacob KOPPEL HELLER WALLERSTEIN Fraenkl- d. 1612) and the name Mirls from his mother in-law (Mirl Sara THEOMIM) (???).
Forbehold: According to the family book of EGER and the Mirels Yicchus letter, David Jacob Mirls FRAENKEL Newmark (d. 1657) was the son of Rabbi Naphtali HIRSCH Neumark (d. 1659 a Av beit Din of Fulda). he was the son of Mirel (1591-1673?) the grand daughter of the MAHARAL [ the daughter of Rachel (d. 1633 Prague) Maharal's daughter and Rachel's husband was Abraham (d. 1591) Prague, the son of Moshe Halevi HELLER- WALLERSTEIN d. 1591] Rabbi Naphtali HIRSCH Neumark father's was Aharon MIRELES, the son of Miriam KATZNELLENBOGEN (a granddaughter of Saul WAHL-KATZENELLENBOGEN) and of Yaacob KOPPEL Halevi- WALLERSTEIN, who was the son of Aharon Halevi HELLER- WALLERSTEIN (d. 1591) which does not fit to the Aron mentioned above who died in 1649.
The Unbroken Chain (For more information, about the KATZENELLENBOGEN family with connection to almost every major European Rabbinic Family. See The unbroken chain : biographical sketches and the genealogy of illustrious Jewish families from the 15th-2Oth century by Neil ROSENSTEIN.) (Loeb)


Fødsel:
Hij is geboren rond 1595 in Wien, Austria. (Coret)

Familie/Ægtefælle/Partner: Rachel Heller-Wallerstein. Rachel (datter af Jacob Koppel Halevi Heller Wallerstein og Mirel Sarah Teomim) blev født cirka 1594 i Wien, Wien, Østrig; døde den 26 jan. 1664 i Wien, Wien, Østrig. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]